COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESISTANCE IN SIGHTED AND VISUALLY

In the present study the influence of a personality meaning work on the successful coping with traumatic experience is examined. In personality and trauma research aroused the concepts: resilience, hardiness, coping, overcoming characterizing person's ability to resist, withstand stress factors, crisis, extremities -the situation in which people are not only injured, suffering, but also solves life problems: not only adapt, but take courage to overcome adversities, be capable for loving and Theoretical basis of this study is understanding of resilience (Maddi, 2013), the provisions of meaning activityapproach, focusing on positive aspects of extreme situation and meaning constructive personality work with stress\trauma experience (Magomed 2009).. The study was aimed at identifying resistance in extreme situations by the comparative analysis of stories by sighted people and visually impaired people with its various etiologies (blind from birth and have lost their vision due to injury). The assumption that there were differences in manifestation of resistance in people with visual impairment (congenital or acquired as a result of injury) provided additional insight into the resources and areas of personality work in t impaired seeking ways of coping with it and fulfill personality work which makes it possible to transform negative resources into positive outcome of the disaster on the provisions of meaning activityapproach.


A B S T R A C T
In the present study the influence of a personality meaning work on the successful coping with traumatic experience is examined. In personality and trauma research aroused the concepts: resilience, hardiness, coping, overcoming characterizing person's ability to resist, withstand stress factors, crisis, extremities -the situation in which people are not only injured, suffering, but also solves life problems: not only adapt, but take courage to overcome adversities, be capable for loving and Theoretical basis of this study is understanding of resilience (Maddi, 2013), the provisions of meaning activity-approach, focusing on positive aspects of extreme situation and meaning constructive personality work with stress\trauma experience (Magomed 2009).. The study was aimed at identifying resistance in extreme situations by the comparative analysis of stories by sighted people and visually impaired people with its various etiologies (blind from birth and have lost their vision due to injury).
The assumption that there were differences in manifestation of resistance in people with visual impairment (congenital or acquired as a result of injury) provided additional insight into the resources and areas of personality work in t impaired -seeking ways of coping with it and fulfill personality work which makes it possible to transform negative resources into positive outcome of the disaster on the provisions of meaning activity-approach. specific feature of modern life. In modern psychology, attempts are being made to overcome medical approach to stress and trauma, to consider extremality not only negatively (Lazarus 984) but also from a holistic view of personality characteristics responsible for successful adaptation and coping with life adversities (Magomedant to find out what hardiness is man as a living selfsystem capable of vitality and inner harmony that are subjectively Disturbances and loss of vision is life situation in which a person is not only traumatized, ces suffering, but also adapts, manifests courage, overcomes negative factors, actively lives, loves, works, Studying the personality in particularly difficult and extreme life situations led to the identification of phenomena that characterize a person's ability to withstand stressful influences, crises, difficult life situations, extremism in a broad sense. These include concepts such as resilience, coping, hardiness (Aldwin, 1994;Allred, Smith, 2011;Maddi, 2013). The term "hardiness" reflects psychological vitality, and is also an indicator of a person's mental health (Kobasa, Maddi, 2012). The personal quality attitudes that motivate a person to transform the stressful life events that she encounters every day, and those that are near extremal and extreme (Contrada, Baum, 2012). studies (Solcova, Tomanek, 1994), dealing wit relationship between "hardiness" and stress in conditions that induce anxiety, those with less anxiety and high rates of hardiness demonstrated weaker physiological responses when confronted with stress. The (involvement and control) have been predictive of mental health. Involvement increased mental health, reducing threat evaluation and the use of emotion increasing the role of secondary reevaluation of events. The severity of control had a posi led to reduction in the evaluation of threat of the event, helped to reevaluate the event and encouraged the use of coping strategies aimed at solving problems and seeking support (Stangor, 2012

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF RESISTANCE IN SIGHTED AND VISUALLY
, Moscow State University.
In the present study the influence of a personality meaning work on the successful coping personality and trauma research aroused the concepts: resilience, hardiness, coping, overcoming characterizing person's ability to resist, the situation in which people are not only also solves life problems: not only adapt, but take courage to me adversities, be capable for loving and working, constructing, and grow Theoretical basis of this study is understanding of resilience (Maddi, 2013), the provisions approach, focusing on positive aspects of extreme situation and trauma experience (Magomed-Eminov, resistance in extreme situations by the of stories by sighted people and visually impaired people with its various etiologies (blind from birth and have lost their vision due to injury).
The assumption that there were differences in manifestation of resistance in people with visual impairment (congenital or acquired as a result of injury) was tested, The data additional insight into the resources and areas of personality work in the visually ways of coping with it and fulfill personality work which actually negative resources into positive outcome of the disaster on include concepts such as resilience, coping, hardiness (Aldwin, 1994;Allred, Smith, 2011;Maddi, The term "hardiness" reflects psychological vitality, and is also an indicator of a person's mental health (Kobasa, The personal quality of "hardiness" emphasizes attitudes that motivate a person to transform the stressful life events that she encounters every day, and those that are near extremal and extreme (Contrada, Baum, 2012). According to studies (Solcova, Tomanek, 1994), dealing with the relationship between "hardiness" and stress in conditions that induce anxiety, those with less anxiety and high rates of hardiness demonstrated weaker physiological responses when The components of hardness ntrol) have been predictive of mental increased mental health, reducing threat evaluation and the use of emotion-focused coping strategies, increasing the role of secondary reevaluation of events. The severity of control had a positive effect on mental health, led to reduction in the evaluation of threat of the event, helped to reevaluate the event and encouraged the use of coping strategies aimed at solving problems and seeking Rush and all. (Rush and all, 1995) considered psychological stability (flexibility) in terms of

Research Article
This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. resistance to pressure for change. It has been confirmed that pressure to change is associated with feelings of tension, subsequent dissatisfaction and the desire to avoid change. The psychological quality of "hardiness" has a direct negative impact on stress and a direct positive on the feeling of satisfaction. Maddy et al. consider the role of the early past in "hardiness", and this personal quality is seen in studies as an important buffer in the transition of stress to illness (Kobasa, Maddi, 2012), a high role in increasing the indicators of the factors such as compensating family standards and selfperception . The quality of "hardiness" (self-perception, containing a sense of inclusion, control, challenge and trust) according to Evans and all. (Ed.Contrada, Baum, 2012).) is an integral part of the feeling of life fullness and quality of life. The basis for many studies of blind people psychology is the concept of A. Adler (Adler, 2011): normal development may be threatened by organic insufficiency. Thus, visual sensory deprivation is the primary cause of the peculiarities of the inner mental world of visually impaired people (Silkin, 2012). The inadequacy of organs becomes a stimulus for mental development and personality growth. So, trying to overcome the limitations and internal conflicts caused by blindness, a person exerts maximum efforts to prove to himself and others by his own achievements that he is no worse than other healthy people, that he also has the right to be a full member of society, that he too can be useful for other people. The theoretical basis was the understanding of the structure of viability, the notion of individual resources as a self-organizing system, the position of the activity-semantic approach (Magomed-Eminov, 2013), emphasizing the positive aspects of extremism and the semantic work of the individual with traumatic experiences.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In the study aimed at identifying resistance in extreme situations comparative analysis of the discourses of people with normal vision and people with their violations of various etiologies (blind from birth and lost sight due to trauma) was used. The paper tested the hypothesis of differences in the manifestation of resistance in people with visual impairment (congenital and acquired as a result of trauma) and sighted with the help of the "Test of hardiness" (Maddi, 2013) and developed interview about difficult life situation (written story about experiencing and overcoming a crisis situation with the use of subsequent qualitative analysis.) The empirical sample (90 people) consisted of three groups, equal in number of respondents: 1) sighted people: 18 women and 12 men, (22 to 45 years old), average age 32.4 years, 2) lost sight due to trauma, 13 men and 17 women, (18-44 years old-, average age 35.2 years), the time of injury is from 5 to 12 years ago, causes of vision loss: a) accident (12 people), b) severe stress, causing visual pathology (5 people); c) occurrence or sharp exacerbation of other somatic diseases that caused loss of vision (10 people); d) medical error (3 people); 3) with congenital visual impairment: 17 women and 13 men, (18 to 45 years old, average age 33.7 years). The study was conducted in the conditions of a psychological laboratory using electronic forms.
A comparative analysis using the t-Student test showed statistically significant differences in these parameters between people with congenital visual impairment and two other groups (p <0.05), the differences between people who lost sight due to trauma and those who are sighted are not significant.

DISCUSSION
A qualitative analysis of the stories about the experiences of crisis situations and the evaluation of the consequences showed that in the situation of traumatic loss of sight, the fact of blindness becomes one of the central points in life experience, and the possibility of its positive transformation and integration becomes difficult. Subjects from this group indicated that the loss of vision completely changed their life, led to the loss of the former life meanings and purposes, the need to search for new ones. People with congenital visual impairments show similarities to those who are sighted in distinguishing the types of crisis situations (loss of a loved one, family breakdown, etc.), but in describing the consequences, they evaluate their experience and their own efforts to overcome difficulties more positively. For this group, the situation of visual impairment is the source of the formation of a high level of resistance, which allows to act constructively in stressful situations.

CONCLUSIONS
The received data deepen understanding of resources and directions of personality work in people with visual impairments that will allow to individualize rendering of psychological help. As a prospect of research, it is possible to distinguish a more detailed study of the prerequisites for the formation of a high level of resistance in people with congenital visual impairments. The resource of forming a high level of durability is not the very fact of visual impairment, but the methods coping, direction and quality of constrictive personality work with life experience to keep and form positive integrative identity and to transform negative resources into positive personal outcomes